Health and Financing
1reading_p_1Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Africa’s health financing in a new era. Available at: https://africacdc.org/news-item/africas-health-financing-in-a-new-era-april-2025/
2reading_p_2Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. n.d. Health financing. Available at: https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/health-financing
3reading_p_3FP Analytics. 2022. The compounding economic dividends of global health investment. Available at: https://fpanalytics.foreignpolicy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/ 09/Compounding-Economic-Dividends-of-Global-Health-Investment.pdf
4reading_p_4Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development (OECD). n.d. Official development assistance (ODA). Available at: https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/policy-issues/official-development-assistance-oda.html
5reading_p_5World Bank. 2014. Revised guidelines for public debt management (English). Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/539361468170971115
Sustainability-Linked Financing
6reading_p_6Emerging Markets Investors Alliance. 2025. Enhanced labeled bond principles. Available at: https://www.emia.org/f/enhanced-labeled-bond-principles
7reading_p_7International Capital Market Association. 2024. Social bond principles (SBP). Available at: https://www.icmagroup.org/sustainable-finance/the-principles-guidelines-and-handbooks/social-bond-principles-sbp/
8reading_p_8International Capital Market Association. 2024. Sustainability-linked bond principles (SLBP). Available at: https://www.icmagroup.org/sustainable-finance/the-principles-guidelines-and-handbooks/sustainability-linked-bond-principles-slbp/
9reading_p_9Loan Market Association. 2025. Guidance on Social Loan Principles. Available at: https://www.lma.eu.com/application/files/9717/4298/0850/Guidance_on_Social_Loan_Principles_-_26_March_2025.pdf
10reading_p_10Loan Market Association. 2025. Guidance on Sustainability-Linked Loan Principles. Available at: https://www.lma.eu.com/application/files/3517/4298/0872/Guidance_on_Sustainability-Linked_Loan_Principles_-_26_March_2025.pdf
11reading_p_11Loan Market Association. 2025. Social loan principles. Available at: https://www.lma.eu.com/application/files/1317/4307/3886/Social_Loan_Principles_-_26_March_2025.pdf
12reading_p_12Loan Market Association. 2025. Sustainability-linked loan principles. Available at: https://www.lma.eu.com/application/files/2317/4481/8026/Sustainability-Linked_Loan_Principles_-_26_March_2025_.pdf
13reading_p_13Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2024. Sustainability-Linked Bonds. How to make them work in developing countries and how donors can help. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/how-to-make-them-work-in-developing-countries-and-how-donors-can-help_7ca58c00-en.html
14reading_p_14Sustainable Sovereign Debt Hub. 2023. More for Less, Scaling sustainability sovereign debt. Available at: https://www.ssdh.net/resources/more-for-less
15reading_p_15World Bank. n.d. FAB: Finance, applied tools and benchmarking. Available at: https://esgdata.worldbank.org/tools/fab
Debt Swaps
16reading_p_16Finance for Development Lab. 2025. Allocation of Debt Swap Resources: Guiding Principles. Available at: https://findevlab.org/allocation-of-debt-swap-resources-guiding-principles/
17reading_p_17Finance for Development Lab. 2025. Can Debt-for-Development Swaps Become an Asset Class? Available at: https://findevlab.org/can-debt-for-development-swaps-become-an-asset-class/
18reading_p_18Finance for Development Lab. 2024. Debt-to-Sustainability Swaps (D2S): A Practical Framework. Available at: https://findevlab.org/debt-to-sustainability-swaps-d2s-a-practical-framework/
19reading_p_19G20 Joint Finance-Health Task Force. 2024. A Retrospective Analysis of Debt-for-Health Swaps. Available at: https://www.gov.br/g20/pt-br/trilhas/trilha-de-financas/financas-saude/2-a-retrospective-analysis-of-debt-for-health-swaps-a-report-commissioned-by-the-rockefeller-foundation-for-the-g20-jfhtf.pdf/@@download/file
20reading_p_20Green Climate Fund. 2024. Debt for climate swaps: exploring avenues and opportunities. Available at: https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/debt-climate-swaps-exploring-avenues-and-opportunities
21reading_p_21Hu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhou, S., Yang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, Y. & Xu, M. 2024. Redefining Debt-to-Health, a triple-win health financing instrument in global health. Globalization and Health, 20, Article 39. Available at: https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/ 10.1186/s12992-024-01043-x
22reading_p_22MIGA. 2025. Côte d’Ivoire Debt-for-Development Swap. Available at: https://www.miga.org/sites/default/files/2025-02/C%C3%B4te%20d%27Ivoire%20Debt-for-Development%20Swap.pdf
23reading_p_23The Global Fund. 2024. Debt2Health Overview. Available at: https://www.theglobalfund.org/media/3k1gvfom/publication_debt2health_overview_en.pdf
24reading_p_24The Nature Conservancy. 2023. Nature Bonds Project Toolkit (Version 1). Available at: https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/nature-bonds-toolkit-v1-english.pdf
25reading_p_25The Nature Conservancy. 2023. New Debt Coalition for Climate and Conservation. Available at: https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/new-debt-coalition-for-climate-and-conservation/
26reading_p_26World Bank. 2024. BOSIB Report. Available at: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/document
detail/099080524122596875/BOSIB170e4732504619 bc417c0d0996ec21
Public-Private Partnerships
27reading_p_27African Development Bank. n.d. Public-Private Partnerships. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/initiatives-and-partnerships/public-private-partnerships
28reading_p_28Asian Development Bank. 2008. Public-Private Partnerships. Available at: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29025/ppspb-public-private-partnerships.pdf
29reading_p_29Herzlinger, R.E., Moloney, E. & Beyersdorfer, D. 2014. La Ribera Health Department (A). Harvard Business School Case No. 315‑006. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing (Revised March 2021). Available at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=47807
30reading_p_30InsightSoftware. 2025. 25 Best Healthcare KPIs and Metric Examples. Available at: https://insightsoftware.com/blog/25-best-healthcare-kpis-and-metric-examples/
31reading_p_31Kamugumya, D. & Olivier, J. 2016. Health system’s barriers hindering implementation of public-private partnership at the district level: a case study of partnership for improved reproductive and child health services provision in Tanzania. BMC Health Services Research, 16, Article 596. Available at: https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/ 10.1186/s12913-016-1831-6
32reading_p_32Le, S. M., Govindaraj, R. & Bredenkamp, C. 2020. Public‑Private Partnerships for Health in Vietnam: Issues and Options. International Development in Focus. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ 59663cf3-c893-51eb-8fe3-e9d8cd2e7c8c
33reading_p_33McGuire, C.M., Kaiser, J.L., Vian, T., Nkabane‑Nkholongo, E., Nash, T., Jack, B.W., & Scott, N.A. 2024. Learning from the end of the public‑private partnership for Lesotho’s National Referral Hospital network. Globalization and Health, 20, Article 1043. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10921972/
34reading_p_34Njagi, E., Iloka, K., Wawira, S., Thiga, L. & Muraguri, N. 2025. Learning from the Kenyan experiment: Key takeaways for implementing managed equipment services in developing countries. Frontiers in Health Services, 5, Article 1361261. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391237468_Learning_from_the_Kenyan_experiment_key_takeaways_for_implementing_managed_equipment_services_in_developing_countries
35reading_p_35Powles, J. & Hodson, H. 2017. Google DeepMind and healthcare in an age of algorithms. The Lancet, 390(10114), pp. 2816–2818. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741783/
36reading_p_36PPP Directorate Kenya. 2025. Kenya PPP Projects: Progress and Status Quarterly Report – September 2025. Available at: https://pppkenya.go.ke/ova_doc/kenya-ppp-projects-progress-and-status-quarterly-report-september-2025/
37reading_p_37PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2020. Value-Based Healthcare: Delivering Outcomes that Matter. Available at: https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/documents/value-based-healthcare.pdf
38reading_p_38Tiik, M. & Ross, P. 2010. Patient opportunities in the Estonian Electronic Health Record System. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 156, pp. 171-177. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44668701_Patient_opportunities_in_the_Estonian_Electronic_Health_Record_System
39reading_p_39World Bank. n.d. PPP in Health. Available at: https://ppp.worldbank.org/ppp-health
40reading_p_40World Bank. n.d. PPP Online Reference Guide: Introduction. Available at: https://ppp.worldbank.org/PPP_Online_Reference_Guide/Introduction
Credit enhancement
41reading_p_41Bloomberg. 2025. Walmart heir’s family office commits USD 100 million for debt swaps. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-06/walmart-heir-s-family-office-commits-100-million-for-debt-swaps
42reading_p_42DFC. 2024. World’s largest debt conversion for conservation of a river and its watershed completed in El Salvador. Available at: https://www.dfc.gov/media/press-releases/worlds-largest-debt-conversion-conservation-river-and-its-watershed-completed
43reading_p_43Sustainable Sovereign Debt Hub (SSDH). 2025. Scaling credit enhancement models for sustainability-linked sovereign financing. Available at: https://www.ssdh.net/resources/scaling-credit-enhancement-models-for-sustainabilitylinked-sovereign-financing
44reading_p_44Sustainable Sovereign Debt Hub. 2025. Task Force on Credit Enhancement for Sustainability‑Linked Sovereign Financing for Nature & Climate. Available at: https://creditenhancement.org/